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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Answers_phagocytosis, Destruction of the Microbe or Cell oxygen-independant killing system lysosomes containing beta-defensins, lysozyme,lactoferrin, cathepsin G, elastase, bactericidal permeability increasing protein, other digestive enzymes, Chemotaxis of Phagocytes virulence some microbes can block chemotaxis, Ingestion of the Microbe or Cell by the Phagocyte process polymerization and depolymerization of actin filaments send pseudopods out to engulf the microbe and place it in an endocytic vesicle called a phagosome, Attachment of Phagocytes to the Microbe or Cell unenhanced attachment PAMPs bind to endocytic pattern-recognition receptors, Activation of Phagocytes step 2 Chemotaxis of Phagocytes, phagocytes empty the contents of their lysosomes in order to kill the microorganisms or cell extracellularly reason large numbers of microorganisms are present, high levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are produced, or phagocytes are binding to cells to large to be engulfed, inflammatory mediators such as bacterial products, complement proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandins results produce surface endocytic PRRs to bind PAMPs for unenhanced attachment, Destruction of the Microbe or Cell extracellular killing phagocytes empty the contents of their lysosomes in order to kill the microorganisms or cell extracellularly, Chemotaxis of Phagocytes step 3 Attachment of Phagocytes to the Microbe or Cell, Chemotaxis of Phagocytes function movement of phagocytes toward an increasing concentration of some attractant, acidification of the phagosome process an electron pump brings protons (H+) into the phagosome to lower the pH within the phagosome, reactive oxygen species (ROS) oxidize most of the chemical groups found in proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, DNA, and lipids. examples of ROS superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite radicals, Ingestion of the Microbe or Cell by the Phagocyte step 5 Destruction of the Microbe or Cell, an electron pump brings protons (H+) into the phagosome to lower the pH within the phagosome benefits the pH is correct for the acid hydrolases to effectively break down cellular proteins, Destruction of the Microbe or Cell intracellular killing lysosomes fuse with the phagosomes containing the ingested microbes and the microbes are destroyed, inflammatory mediators such as bacterial products, complement proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandins results increased metabolic and microbicidal activity of the phagocyte, Activation of Phagocytes activated by inflammatory mediators such as bacterial products, complement proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandins, opsonins bind microbe or cell to opsonin receptors examples of opsonins IgG, IgE, C3b, C4b, mannose-binding lectin (MBL), C-reactive protein (CRP), Destruction of the Microbe or Cell intracellular killing acidification of the phagosome, inflammatory mediators such as bacterial products, complement proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandins results phagocytes produce surface receptors that increase their ability to adhere to capillary walls and squeeze out of the capillary
